Woolley, Hannah
Hannah Woolley, as depicted on the frontispiece of The Gentlewoman's Companion; or, a Guide to the Female Sex published 1673. Since this was a unauthorised publication of her work the likeness is questionable.
Hannah Woolley, sometimes spelled Wolley, (born 1622, England - died circa 1675, England) was a writer who published early books on household management and was probably the first to earn their living doing this.[1]
[edit] Life
Her mother and elder sisters were all skilled in "Physick and Chirurgery" and she learned from them . Nothing is known of her father. [2]
From 1639 to 1646 Wolley worked as a servant for an unnamed woman, almost certainly Anne, Lady Maynard (d. 1647), during which time she learned about medical remedies and recipes [1].
She married Jerome Woolley, a schoolmaster, in 1646 and ran with him a free grammar school at Newport, in Essex. [3] This is very near the Maynard family's house at Little Easton [2]. In the school she put into practice her skills at "physick"[1].
A few years later, the Woolleys opened a school in Hackney, London [3]. She had at least four sons and two daughters, and the marriage was remembered by Hannah as a happy one.[2]
Hannah was widowed in 1661 and from that year on began publishing books on household management. She covered such topics as : recipes, notes on domestic management, embroidery instruction, the etiquette of letter writing, medicinal advice, and perfume making. These proved to be very popular[3].
Her first book The Ladies Directory was published at her own expense in 1661, and this was soon reprinted in 1664. Her second book The Cooks Guide, was printed at a her publisher's expense and is dedicated to Maynard's daughter, Lady Anne Wroth (1632–1677), and her own daughter Mary[2].
Wolley earned a reputation as a successful physician, despite her amateur status and the unwelcoming environment for female medical practitioners at that time in history[1]. She used her books as an advertisement for her skills and invited her readers to consult her in person.
Wolley remarried in 1666 at St. Margaret's, Westminster, to Francis Challiner, a widower two years older than herself. But her second husband died before February 1669[2].
Wolley's own date of death is unknown. She did not react, as she had done previously, to another plagiarised work of 1675 called The Accomplish'd Ladies Delight so it is likely that she did not live to see it appear[1].
[edit] Works
- The first of these was The Ladies Directory (1661)
- The Cooks Guide, of 1664
- In 1670 Wolley produced The Queen-Like Closet (the title refers to the book The Queens Closet Opened, of 1655 written by 'W.M.' of whom very little is known.) at least two editions of a German translation of this were published as Frauenzimmers Zeitvertreib[2].
- In 1672 The Ladies Delight
- Her last work, A Supplement to the "Queen-Like Closet," or, A Little of Every Thing (1674).
- An unauthorized work based on her books was published in 1673 as The Gentlewoman's Companion[3][4].
- Similar unauthorized works followed in 1675 The Accomplished Ladies Delight and in 1685 The Compleat Servant-Maid. Like her authentic works, these were reprinted frequently[2].
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e Hobby
- ^ a b c d e f g Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ a b c d Brooklyn Museum
- Emory University
[edit] References
- "Hannah Woolley b. 1623, England; d. circa 1675, England". Dinner Party Database of notable women. Brooklyn Museum. March 20, 2007. http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/hannah_woolley.php. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- Ellison, Katherine (2005). "Introduction to The Gentlewomans Companion". Emory Women Writers Resource Project. Emory University. http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/essay.php?level=div&id=gc_complete_000. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- Hobby, Elaine (1988). Virtue of Necessity: English Women's Writing, 1646-1688. London: Virago Press.
- Considine,John ; Wolley , Hannah (b. 1622?, d. in or after 1674), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 23 Sept 2009
- Chedgzoy, Kate, Melanie Osborne, and Suzanne Trill, eds. Lay By Your Needles Ladies, Take the Pen: Writing Women in England, 1500-1700. London and New York: Arnold, 1997.
- Ferguson, Moira, ed. First Feminists : British Women Writers, 1578-1799. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.
- Poole, Kristen. The fittest closet for all goodness': Authorial Strategies of Jacobean Mothers' Manuals. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 35 (1995): 69-88.
[edit] External links
