Books By This Author

Peabody, Elizabeth P.

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody

Born	May 16, 1804 (1804-05-16) Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
Died	January 3, 1894 (1894-01-04) (aged 89) Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
Education	Tutored in Greek by Ralph Waldo Emerson
Occupation	Teacher Writer/Editor
Parents	Nathaniel Peabody

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (May 16, 1804 – January 3, 1894) was an American educator who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States. Long before most educators, Peabody embraced the premise that children's play has intrinsic developmental and educational value.

[edit] Biography

Peabody was born in Billerica, Massachusetts on May 16, 1804. She was the daughter of Nathaniel Peabody, a physician, and spent her early years in Salem. After 1822 she resided principally in Boston where she engaged in teaching.^[1] She also became a writer and a prominent figure in the Transcendental movement. During 1834–1835, she worked as assistant teacher to Amos Bronson Alcott at his experimental Temple School in Boston. After the school closed, Peabody published Record of a School, outlining the plan of the school and Alcott's philosophy of early childhood education, which had drawn on German models.

She later opened a book store, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody's West Street Bookstore, at her home in Boston (ca.1848-1852).^[2]^[3] It was there that the "Conversations" were held, organized by Margaret Fuller. The first of these meetings between women was held on November 6, 1839.^[4] Topics for these discussions and debates varied but subjects were as diverse as fine arts, history, mythology, literature, and nature.^[5] Fuller served as the "nucleus of conversation" and hoped to answer the "great questions" facing women: "What were we born to do? How shall we do it? which so few ever propose to themselves 'till their best years are gone by".^[6] Many figures in the woman's rights movement took part, including Sophia Dana Ripley, Caroline Sturgis,^[7] and Maria White Lowell.^[4]

For a time, Peabody was the business manager of The Dial, the main publication of the Transcendentalists. In 1843, she noted that the journal's income was not covering the cost of printing and that subscriptions totaled just over two hundred. The publication ceased shortly thereafter in April 1844.^[8]

Elizabeth Peabody

When Peabody opened her kindergarten in 1860, the practice of providing formal schooling for children younger than six was largely confined to Germany. She had a particular interest in the educational methods of Friedrich Fröbel, and in 1867 visited Germany for the purpose of studying them more closely.^[9] Through her own kindergarten, and as editor of the Kindergarten Messenger (1873–1877), Peabody helped establish kindergarten as an accepted institution in American education. She also wrote numerous books in support of the cause. The extent of her influence is apparent in a statement submitted to Congress on February 12, 1897, in support of free kindergartens:

The advantage to the community in utilizing the age from 4 to 6 in training the hand and eye; in developing the habits of cleanliness, politeness, self-control, urbanity, industry; in training the mind to understand numbers and geometric forms, to invent combinations of figures and shapes, and to represent them with the pencil—these and other valuable lessons… will, I think, ultimately prevail in securing to us the establishment of this beneficent institution in all the city school systems of our country.

Grave of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody

[edit] Death

Peabody died January 3, 1894, aged 89. She is buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, Massachusetts.^[10]

[edit] Diverse activities

With grounding in history and literature and a reading knowledge of ten languages, in 1840 she also opened a bookstore which held Margaret Fuller's "Conversations" and published books from Nathaniel Hawthorne and others in addition to the periodicals The Dial and Æsthetic Papers. She was an advocate of antislavery and of Transcendentalism. Moreover, she also led decades of efforts for the rights of the Paiute Indians.

[edit] Family

Her sisters were painter Sophia Hawthorne (wife of writer Nathaniel Hawthorne) and writer Mary Tyler Peabody Mann (wife of educator Horace Mann).

[edit] Works

Peabody published a number of works, including:

Record of a school: exemplifying the general principles of spiritual culture. (Boston: J. Munroe, 1835). About Bronson Alcott's Temple School, Boston.
Crimes of the House of Austria (editor; New York, 1852)
The Polish-American System of Chronology (Boston, 1852)
Kindergarten Culture (1870)
Kindergarten in Italy (1872)
Reminiscences of Rev. Wm Ellery Channing, D.D. (1880)
Letters to Kindergarteners (1886)
Last Evening with Allston, and other Papers (1887)
Lectures in the Training Schools for Kindergartners (1888)

[edit] See also

Susan Blow
Maria Kraus-Boelté
Elizabeth Pabodie

[edit] References

"Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
"Foreign books & circulating library, 13 West" Street; cf. Boston Directory. 1848, 1851, 1852
Sampson R. Urbino bought Peabody's book stock in the mid-1850s. cf. Publishers Weekly, April 4, 1896
^ ^a ^b Slater, Abby. In Search of Margaret Fuller. New York: Delacorte Press, 1978: 43. ISBN 0-440-03944-4
Gura, Philip F. American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 134. ISBN 0-8090-3477-8
Marshall, Megan. The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005: 387. ISBN 978-0-618-71169-7
Marshall, Megan. The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism. Boston: Mariner Books, 2005: 386–387. ISBN 978-0-618-71169-7
Gura, Philip F. American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 130. ISBN 978-0-8090-3477-2
Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Library of Congress Today in History: May 16

[edit] External links

Peabody, Elizabeth, Ed. Æsethic Papers. The Editor, Boston, 1849, at the Internet Archive.
Mabel Flick Altstetter, “Some Prophets of the American Kindergarten,” Peabody Journal of Education, Vol. 13, No. 5 (March 1936), pp. 221-225.
Salem Women's Heritage Trail [1]
Boston Women's Heritage Trail [2]
"Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

[appletons-0] "Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.

[1] "Foreign books & circulating library, 13 West" Street; cf. Boston Directory. 1848, 1851, 1852

[2] Sampson R. Urbino bought Peabody's book stock in the mid-1850s. cf. Publishers Weekly, April 4, 1896

[Slater43-3] Slater, Abby. In Search of Margaret Fuller. New York: Delacorte Press, 1978: 43. ISBN 0-440-03944-4

[4] Gura, Philip F. American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 134. ISBN 0-8090-3477-8

[5] Marshall, Megan. The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005: 387. ISBN 978-0-618-71169-7

[6] Marshall, Megan. The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism. Boston: Mariner Books, 2005: 386–387. ISBN 978-0-618-71169-7

[7] Gura, Philip F. American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 130. ISBN 978-0-8090-3477-2

[eb1911-8] Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[9] Library of Congress Today in History: May 16

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